Instruction set: The set of things the CPU can do It'll have actual transistors for these things Anything else has to be simulated in software Note about that: "Software modem" Logical equivalency If you can do it in software, you can do it in hardware You do need some kind of hardware, but it can be minimal RISC vs. CISC Reduced vs. Complex This isn't a binary distinction Example: Acorn Risc Machines Memory and bandwidth The test: Review Guide