Mistake on the calendar: rstp is for switching, not routing Let's look at the calendar a minute: We're actually in danger of getting ahead of schedule! If we get to Python too early, we have options: Start on volume 2 Do some more examples or experiment with strange configurations Learn how to set up a Linux or FreeBSD machine as a router See if there's a Juniper router simulator out there Spanning-Tree Protocol and RSTP: Redundant links might be useful! But they're also a problem Ok if they're a bonded channel, but failing that, they're a problem So, we need to make a tree CS Interlude that I really can't resist adding: Graphs are a fairly specialized data structure Sometimes a little hard to work with Example: Graph isomorphism NP-hard problem What's NP-hard? Algorithm scaling overview Some big data ends up being in graph form Social media network, etc A use I made: Movement patterns in a smart environment Don't confuse it with a relational database Relational database has similarities, but is conceived and managed differently Trees are a restricted form of graphs: It's a graph with no cycles We could pick any node as the root depending on our needs Example uses for trees: Data structures: Fast retrieval (example: red-black tree) Parse trees for linguistic analysis, in compilers and such Decision trees for classic artificial intelligence (and pruning) J48 decision trees for machine learning A use of mine: Finding important parts of an MRI Note: trees are always drawn upside-down That was a tangent! Back to switches Let's assemble a bunch of switches with some loops and such They'll automatically disable some ports We can observe that looking at them What if we remove some of the links that remain? Can we observe a broadcast storm? no rstp or something like that? Hopefully I'll try this before class, but if not, we'll see what goes wrong Basic process: elect a root switch, all root interfaces go into forwarding state Other switches keep only the least cost path to the root enabled An obvious question: Shouldn't the most central switch be the root? Or perhaps the closest to the router that leads out? There's a priority part of the Bridge ID (BID) BID is 6 bytes unique to each switch + 2 byte priority Lowest BID wins Priority is in the highest 2 bytes, so it rules PortFast: Is this maybe why switches take so long to come online? Can be turned off for links to end devices Let's try it! Turning this off and then plugging in a switch could be a problem... Let's try that too! Inexpensive switch problem: Does packet tracer have one? This is what happened at WSU when I was there If we have time, let's try this in the 310 lab For lab, configure a network with: At least 4 switches and 8 PCs Must have two non-overlapping IP ranges on two vlans All switches must have at least one PC on each vlan/IP range Use trunking to connect the switches Put the trunks in a loop, and see if RSTP can handle it Use a router to enable communication between the two different vlans